H.R. 1 · 119th Congress
2025 tax and spending law
One Big Beautiful Bill Act
What it does
Makes the 2017 tax cuts permanent, adds new deductions for tips and overtime, cuts Medicaid and SNAP, and adds about $150 billion each for defense and border enforcement.
Outcome
Signed into law on July 4, 2025.
The test
| Pillar | Question | Answer | Why |
|---|---|---|---|
| Economy | Who gets the money or the tax break? | Hurts Americans | CBO and JCT: gains concentrate in the highest-income households; the lowest-income tenth loses resources on net. |
| Economy | Who lobbied for it, and who against? | Hurts Americans | Heavy lobbying by business coalitions for permanent corporate provisions; hospital, patient and anti-hunger groups opposed the cuts. |
| Everyday life | Does it lower or raise what Americans pay directly? | Hurts Americans | CBO projected roughly 10 million more uninsured by 2034 and new paperwork for Medicaid enrollees. |
| Consensus | Where reliable polling exists, do most Americans across parties support or oppose it? | Hurts Americans | Majorities opposed the bill in Quinnipiac, KFF, Pew and Fox News polls in June and July 2025. |
Votes counted: Senate 50–50 on Jul 1, 2025 · House 218–214 on Jul 3, 2025. Each member's page shows how they voted.